ICJ compulsory jurisdiction is one of the most misunderstood expressions in public international law. It does not mean that the International Court of Justice has automatic authority over every legal dispute between States.

The ICJ Provisional Measures occupy an unusual position in international adjudication: the International Court of Justice may act before the facts are fully tested, before the merits are argued, and before jurisdiction is finally confirmed, yet the order it gives can bind the parties as a matter of international law.

The responsibility of international organizations is never only a question of institutional accountability. It begins with attribution: the legal process by which an act or omission is connected to the organization itself.

The doctrine of discovery is one of the most consequential legal ideas in the history of colonial international law. It allowed European empires, and later settler states, to convert arrival in Indigenous territories into claims of priority, sovereignty, land control, and political superiority.

Jus cogens is one of the few doctrines in public international law that openly challenges the idea that State consent can validate almost any legal arrangement.

Artificial Intelligence Ethics is now a central phrase in debates about automated decision-making, biometric identification, predictive analytics, generative systems, and autonomous functions.

Subjective and Objective Territorial Jurisdiction addresses a central question in public international law: when is a cross-border event sufficiently connected to a state’s territory to justify the application of that state’s law? The answer turns on a disciplined distinction.

The drug cartels terrorist designation has turned a familiar organized crime problem into a difficult question of public international law. Drug cartels have long been prosecuted through criminal law, extradition treaties, drug-control conventions, asset-freezing regimes, and police cooperation.

What is a Refugee is often answered too quickly. Public debate tends to use the word as a broad description of suffering, flight, or vulnerability. International refugee law uses it differently.

Climate Change is now a security risk because it weakens the material conditions that allow states, communities, and legal systems to function: stable coastlines, predictable water supplies, reliable food production, habitable territory, public health, and effective institutions.

Raul Castro Indictment under international law: civil aviation rules, U.S. jurisdiction, immunity, state responsibility, and enforcement limits.

The death penalty under international law became harder to defend after Amnesty International’s Death Sentences and Executions 2025 report recorded at least 2,707 executions in 2025, the highest figure Amnesty has reported since 1981, excluding China.