Orbital Militarization and Weaponization of Space is no longer a speculative concern tied to distant technological horizons; it is a present structural feature of international security.

Indigenous Peoples in International Law occupies a distinctive and increasingly consequential place within the contemporary international legal order. The subject is not theoretical or symbolic. It governs concrete disputes over land and natural resources, the legality of extractive and infrastructure projects, the protection of languages and cultural heritage, the regulation of conservation policies, and the accountability of states and corporations for historical and ongoin

The Treaty of Westphalia is frequently cited as a foundational reference point in the development of public international law, particularly in discussions concerning territorial sovereignty, state autonomy, and the structure of the international system.

The Ireland v. United Kingdom case is the European Court of Human Rights’ most consequential early attempt to draw a legally operational line between “torture” and “inhuman or degrading treatment” under Article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), while simultaneously adjudicating a security-state’s emergency measures under Article 15 and constructing a durable approach to proof in systemic ill-treatment litigation (European Court of Human Rights, 1978).

The Convention on the Rights of the Child stands as the most comprehensive and widely ratified international treaty dedicated exclusively to the legal protection of children. Adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 and entering into force in 1990, the Convention transformed children from passive objects of welfare into recognized holders of enforceable rights under international law.

The Kellogg–Briand Pact marked a decisive rupture in the legal treatment of war in international law. Adopted in 1928, the treaty represented the first multilateral and legally binding commitment by states to renounce war as a legitimate instrument of national policy.

The Nuremberg trials mark the decisive moment when international law crossed from condemning state conduct to criminally judging individuals acting in the name of the state. Their importance does not lie in symbolism or moral awakening, but in the concrete legal problems they forced into resolution under extreme political pressure.

answer a prior question of public international law: can the United Nations Security Council, acting under Chapter VII, lawfully create a criminal tribunal with authority to try individuals, compel State cooperation, and apply international humanitarian law (IHL) beyond the narrow confines of inter-State war?

The Fisheries Case is not primarily a story about Norwegian fishing enforcement or a bilateral quarrel over maps. It is a foundational decision on how international law constrains the legal construction of the coast—specifically, when a coastal State may replace the normal low-water mark baseline with straight baselines that enclose large maritime spaces as internal waters and, at the same time, generate the baseline from which the territorial sea is measured.

Barcelona Traction Case stands as one of the most structurally important judgments in the jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice, shaping how public international law understands diplomatic protection, corporate nationality, and the limits of State standing in disputes involving private economic interests.

The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change adopted in 2015 and in force since 2016, negotiated within the institutional framework of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (UNFCCC, 2015).

Nagorno-Karabakh has become one of the most legally instructive conflicts of the post–Cold War international system, not because it is unique, but because it exposes, with unusual clarity, the structural limits of international law when sovereignty, self-determination, and the use of force collide over a prolonged period.

United Nations careers are often imagined as a single, coherent professional path: apply to the UN, pass a competitive process, and build a stable international career. In practice, this mental model is wrong and actively harmful for candidates.

COP26 marked a decisive shift in how international climate law operates, not because it amended treaty text, but because it recalibrated the governance logic of the Paris Agreement system.

Human rights in Iran constitute one of the most persistent and legally documented situations of systemic non-compliance with international human rights law.

The US v. Iran Hostage Case marks a rare moment in which a rapidly unfolding geopolitical crisis was deliberately reframed as a legal controversy governed by binding norms of public international law.